International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) Fitness Nutrition Practice Test 2025 - Free Fitness Nutrition Practice Questions and Study Guide

A negative energy balance occurs when the calories burned exceed the calories consumed, often leading the body to utilize stored energy for fuel. While there can be a variety of physiological responses to a negative energy balance, the primary concern is hormonal imbalances.

When the body is in a state of negative energy balance, it may react by altering the production and regulation of hormones that are critical for many bodily functions, including metabolism, appetite regulation, and overall energy management. For instance, levels of leptin, a hormone primarily produced by fat cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, decrease; this can lead to increased hunger and cravings. Similarly, other hormones like cortisol, which can increase in response to stress or inadequate caloric intake, may also be affected, further complicating energy regulation.

While increased muscle mass, the role of enzymes, and accumulation of fat can be related to energy balance, they do not capture the immediate concerns related to hormonal adjustment and its subsequent effects on health and metabolic processes. In summary, hormonal imbalances pose significant risks when the body is in a negative energy state, influencing hunger cues, metabolism, and other critical functions.